Tuesday 30 October 2012

Racism, Apparently

Racism, Apparently


The start of a new semester has arrived, the ruckus of the Union elections may have eased but once again Cromwell has managed to launch itself into the limelight of controversy.  
Cromwell College has a multitude of traditions; interesting, arcane, sometimes irrelevant, they all have a firm place in the Cromwell calendar.  One of the smaller and less socially consequential traditions is the annual international dinner.

The procedure for the evening goes as such. Each individual corridor nominates a nationality. They then dress themselves up as accurately as possible to replicate the appearance of this nationality. All well and good in theory right? Just a bit of fun, Mexicans in sombreros, Chinese in straw hats, the usual cultural debacle.  Apparently not this year. No, this year it all hit the proverbial fan. One ill-fated female corridor decided to dress as Indigenous Australians.

I personally didn’t see too much of an issue. Perhaps a bit distasteful but they weren’t attempting to play at any stereotypes or to paint indigenous Australians in a negative manner. While their attire wasn’t necessarily the most politically correct, I didn’t see the potential for any harm to be done and therefore I was not expecting the huge backlash that followed.

The entirety of the college was informed that, one week after the dinner, journalists for a variety of newspapers, including the Brisbane Times and the Sydney Morning Herald had taken a very negative interest in the portrayal of aboriginals by the college.

Naturally the photos of the night were first discovered by journalists on Facebook. Classic example of social media destroying reputations. Fortunately the issue has now been resolved, but only through extensive apologies and promises of cultural awareness programs that shall soon be installed into the college.
According the various sources of outraged discussion that have been circulating the web throughout the aftermath of the incident, the main issue taken was the use of “ Blackface”. I have come to realise the cultural significance and the various negative connotations associated with the use of such costuming, I cannot however understand how previously allocated associations with a costuming method can supersede the context of an event in deciding the cultural relevance of behaviour.  There was no malice, racism or even humour associated with the dress of the corridor at the dinner. They were simply attempting to replicate the appearance of Indigenous Australians.  That was the purpose of using blackface makeup at the event, not any other preconceived representations. While there are no full aboriginals in attendance to the college, there are many students of varying degrees of Aboriginal heritage.  While their opinions of course do not represent the greater Aboriginal community, it should be noted that none of them took offense to the attire of the girls due to the fact that they understood the context of the international dinner; a tribute to the variety of cultures we embrace at Cromwell College. This fact is what I think was lost upon the general public and as such the appropriateness of the dinner was brought into question.

This incident has been resolved, the way it was handled I am not criticising in the slightest. Despite the backlash and negative media representations I still firmly believe that context is an important part of cultural awareness. The fact that we at Cromwell have offended so many harks back to the issues of a hyper connected society. We are so integrated through the use of social media, the internet and other forms of connectivity that the privacy which allowed such traditions as international dinner to exist seems to be null and void.


Monday 29 October 2012

JOUR1111- Week 7


Public Media:

This weeks lecture introduced the concept of public media, the form of media that thankfully operates in stark contrast to the topic of last week's lecture, commercial media.

Public media serves to inform and engage the public through reporting on issues that hold significant public value. Public media is not profit driven and while it may turn a profit the proceeds must be recycled into the furthering of future public media. It is these values that I believe allow public media to provide a far more beneficial and purposeful influence upon democratic society. It aims to support the needs of the public rather than the wants adhered to by the often vapid and trivial reporting of commercial media. 

The lecture covered a variety of elements and issues surrounding public media however there were a few defining points which I found particularly resonant. 

The defining principle of public media is the concept of "Public Value". This concept underpins all public media institutions. 

To have public value media must:

Have an embedded "public service ethos".
Employ value for licence fee money.
Weigh the public value of media against its market impact.
Allow for public consultation. 

The guidelines laid in 1985 by the Broadcasting Research Unit show a further variety of characteristics central to public media. 

Geographical universality - everyone in Australia should have access to programmes, i.e; Preschool.
Universality - content should cater for all tastes and interests.
Special provisions for minorities.Have a special relationship to the sense of national identity and community.Distanced from all vested interests.Universality of payment.Competition in good programming rather than competition for numbers.Guidelines should liberate rather than restrict.


Of these guidelines I find a few of them truly embody the differences that I notice between commercial and public media.

First and fore-mostly I notice the distancing from vested interests and the way this differentiates public media from the specifically financially driven programming of commercial media. 

The second prominent indicator of public media to me personally is the association with national identity and heritage. While commercial media is aimed on an international scale that doesn't seek to address concerns and interests of a national community, public media differs from this. It associates itself with a distinctive national identity and caters its programming to address Australian culture. 

Without public media the world of journalism would be devoid of any long form investigative journalism. It is public media that investigates and uncovers various incidents that are of a concerning nature or are beneficial to the national community to be reported upon. The competition in public media is primarily based upon quality of reporting rather than viewer ratings. This results in a far more meaningful and nationally pertinent programming. 

One of the main issues faced by public media is the issue of financing while remaining unbiased and unattached to any vested interests. Due to the majority of public media broadcasters sourcing their funding directly from the government, it is financially irresponsible for them to remain politically independent The phrase” to bite the hand that feeds” can be used to describe the tentative nature that public media must take when investigating politically oriented stories. Despite this clearly significant challenge, public media remains the most nationally concerned and beneficial source of media.

Public media, while not necessarily the oligopoly run cash crop that commercial media has become, is still refuses to abandon its core principles and remains a driving force for the cause of investigative journalism. 

Thursday 18 October 2012

Annotated Bibliography


Annotated Bibliography
Journalism is the reporting of events and issues with the purpose of informing and educating a broad audience. This annotated bibliography will analyse the different sources of media and the various ways that they can analyse and report upon an event. The event that these articles will report upon is the current dispute between China and the Philippines over the Scarborough Shoal. The sources of media used are a Chinese national tabloid, an American online magazine and an International newspaper, all of which show both contrasting opinions and similar information traits.

De Burgh, H. (2010). Chinese Journalism and the Academy: the politics and pedagogy of the media.Journalism Studies, 1 (4), pp.549-558.
Hugo De Burgh is a British media theorist and the Director of the China Media Centre at the University of Westminster. He has specialised in the area of analysing investigative journalism in contrasting political cultures, such as that of China. This article evaluates the effect of the changing cultural climate in China upon the role of journalism in Chinese society. Chinese journalism has traditionally been viewed as an extension of the state’s ruling power. There has been a constant demand for media rights to be granted to journalists so that they may criticize contrast and report on current events according to a standardised journalistic code. This culminated in the Tianmen incident.  Since this incident Chinese journalism has shifted to be a more open medium which encourages the use of the free market and entrepreneurialism. This shift however does not indicate the lack of government influence over the media. Mr Gong Xueping, both the Dean of the Fudan University Journalism School and the Vice General Secretary of the Shanghai Chinese Communist Party, informed journalism students that while they had a right to report on anything they may see fit, there was little point in criticising the government system and that they should instead target the manifestations of the systems failures. This use of Chinese journalism can be seen in the vastly contrasting portrayal of the Chinese-Philippines island dispute in the Chinese media compared to western media.

Le, Z. (2012). Manila seeks to ‘lay claim’ over Huangyan with new name. Gobal Times, [online] 07 May 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.globaltimes.cn/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/708105/Manila-seeks-to-lay-claim-over-Huangyan-with-new-name.aspx [Accessed: 19 Oct 2012].
The Global Times is a daily Chinese tabloid under the ownership of the Chinese Communist Party. Despite this ownership its claims that is does not necessarily voice government policy. The article reports on the current dispute between China and the Philippines over the ownership of Huangyan Island. The article attempts to position its audience to strongly favour the Chinese. It quotes Victor N Arches a supposedly Filipino man, whose credentials, if any, are not mentioned. He allegedly says “the Scarborough Shoal does belong to China which discovered it and drew it in a map as early as 1279 while the official maps the Philippines used to claim the area were dated 541 years later. ( Zou, 2012).  This statement of course positions the audience to side with the Chinese argument however it cannot be considered a credible source as it remains completely unsupported by any tangible evidence. The article describes the initiation of the dispute between nations as the result of the Filipino navy attempting to capture Chinese fishermen. This article describes a very one sided version of the events that are involved in the dispute. As such it can be likened to propaganda rather than unbiased journalism. The result of this is that it cannot be viewed as a credible source to use for insight on the conflict between nations.

Carpenter, T. (2012) The Roiling South China Sea Dispute. The National Interest, [online] 10 July. Available at: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-roiling-south-china-sea-dispute-7178 [Accessed: 19 October].
The National interest is a monthly online magazine published in the United States. It focuses on the US involvement in international affairs and as such takes a vastly different approach to the Scarborough shoal dispute than the article by the Global Times. The article criticises the actions of President Obama at an Economic Summit in Bali during November of 2011.  During the summit he aligned the US with the Philippines and promised to strengthen relations. The article describes these comments as implying level of involvement from the United States in the current dispute between the China and the Philippines. The article claims that the dispute must be resolved in favour of the Chinese to avoid an overwhelming hold being held over the South East Asia region by china. It warns however against the involvement of the United States in such a dispute because it could result in the aggression of the Chinese being spread upon both the Philippines and the United States. This article does not discuss the individual incidents in the dispute. This is because the National Interest is primarily concerned with the involvement of the United States in foreign affairs and as such is unconcerned with a dispute that does not involve them.

Mogato, M. (2012). Philippines, U.S. stage war games in face of China warning . Reuters, [online] 25 April. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/25/us-southchinasea-idUSBRE83O06220120425 [Accessed: 19 October].
This article is written by Manuel Mogato of Reuters. Reuters is an international newspaper renowned for its strict policy regarding journalistic objectivity. As such its article regarding the effect of the Philippine-U.S. war games on the dispute between China and the Philippines concerning ownership of the Scarborough Shoal takes an objective view of the conflict. The article gives details of the war games that were conducted by the Philippines and the US, despite warning from the Chinese that going forth with the games would increase the risk of conflict in the dispute. The article evaluates both Chinese and Filipino opinions as well as those of US representatives. It reports on the incident however does not at any point give an opinion nor a subjective insight into the events being reported upon. This reflects the distanced, international nature of Reuters. The inherent unbiased writing style makes this article the most credible source regarding the dispute.  It does not attempt to position its audience as does the article by the Global Times yet neither does it concern itself with the interests of a single involved nation.

References
Carpenter, T. (2012) The Roiling South China Sea Dispute. The National Interest, [online] 10 July. Available at: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-roiling-south-china-sea-dispute-7178 [Accessed: 19 October].
De Burgh, H. (2010). Chinese Journalism and the Academy: the politics and pedagogy of the media.Journalism Studies, 1 (4), pp.549-558.

Le, Z. (2012). Manila seeks to ‘lay claim’ over Huangyan with new name. Gobal Times, [online] 07 May 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.globaltimes.cn/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/708105/Manila-seeks-to-lay-claim-over-Huangyan-with-new-name.aspx [Accessed: 19 Oct 2012].
Mogato, M. (2012). Philippines, U.S. stage war games in face of China warning . Reuters, [online] 25 April. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/25/us-southchinasea-idUSBRE83O06220120425 [Accessed: 19 October].